Skip to content
CostLocal

Methodology

Every estimate on this site comes from one formula. This page lays it out, lists every source with the date we read it, and says what the numbers can and cannot tell you. Data vintage: OEWS May 2025; BEA RPP 2024. Reviewed November 4, 2026.

The short version

For each project we hold a national range for three things: materials per unit, installed cost per unit, and the permit. Labor is installed cost minus materials. To localize, we scale labor by a wage ratio, materials by a goods price index and the permit by an all-items price index.

labor_local    = (installed_national − materials_national) × wage_ratio
materials_local = materials_national × (goods_RPP / 100)
permit_local    = permit_national × (all_items_RPP / 100)
total           = quantity × (materials_local + labor_local) + permit_local

wage_ratio = Σ weight(trade) × median_wage(trade, area) / median_wage(trade, US)

Labor: BLS wages

The wage ratio uses the median hourly wage from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey (May 2025) for the trades that do the work, weighted by how much of the job each trade handles. A concrete slab, for example, is mostly cement masons and construction laborers; a roof is mostly roofers. The weights are our judgement of the trade mix and are listed in the table below. They are not BLS figures.

BLS suppresses some occupations in smaller metros. When a metro figure is missing we use the statewide median for that trade, and when that is missing too we use the national median. Each wage table on a city page shows which level was used. Wages are a proxy: they do not include contractor overhead, insurance, or profit, and we do not add a multiplier for those because we have no sourced figure for it. Our national installed prices already include them.

Materials and permits: BEA price parities

The BEA Regional Price Parities compare the price level of an area with the US average (100). We use the goods index for materials and the all-items index for permits and fees, since local fees follow local cost of living more than goods prices. Add-ons in the estimator use the average of the wage ratio and the goods index. This is an approximation: the add-on prices are national figures and we have no separate local data for them.

Ranges and quality levels

A single number would suggest precision we do not have. Each project's national low and high come from published ranges. We treat that span as 0 to 1 and cut it into three overlapping bands:

The headline range on each page is the full span after local scaling. The midpoint is the center of that span. Displayed totals are rounded (to $5, $10, $50, $100 or $500 depending on size).

Nearby metros, ranks and ZIP lookup

"Nearby" means the five closest metro areas by straight-line distance between Census gazetteer centroids. Ranks compare the midpoint total for the default job size across all 300 metros. ZIP codes map to a metro through the Census ZCTA-to-county file (the county with the largest land share) and the CBSA delineation. A ZIP outside any metro falls back to its state.

Wage percentiles and the "what if" lines

BLS publishes the 25th percentile, median and 75th percentile hourly wage for most trades. The estimate itself uses the median. On city and state pages we also show how much the midpoint would move if the lead trade were paid at the 25th or 75th percentile: the change is the labor line times that trade's weight times (percentile wage minus median wage) divided by the national median, divided again by the blended wage ratio. It is a sensitivity check, not a forecast. It leaves out every other trade, and it says nothing about contractor margin.

Local employment counts come from the same OEWS tables. We express them per 10,000 jobs and compare them with the national figure to say whether a metro has a deeper or thinner bench of a trade than average. That is a rough proxy for how many crews might bid. It does not measure how busy they are.

Weather and seasons (NOAA)

For weather-sensitive projects we use NOAA's 1991-2020 monthly climate normals from the nearest suitable weather station to each metro's principal city (within 80 miles; stations with no usable normals are skipped). A month counts as cold or hot using fixed thresholds that depend on the kind of work. Concrete pours: an average low at or below 40°F. This is a cautious stand-in for the cold-weather definition in ACI 306R-16, which uses average daily air temperature below 40°F, so it flags a few extra shoulder months. Ground work (digging, sod, stone and asphalt): an average low at or below 32°F. Exterior installation (roofing, siding, fences, windows and similar): an average high below 45°F. For all outdoor work a month with an average high of 90°F or more counts as hot. Months that are neither cold nor hot are listed as comfortable. These thresholds are our judgement, written down so you can disagree with them.

Prices on this site do not change by month. We could not find a published, citable seasonal price series for these jobs, and we will not invent one. The weather tables are there to help you plan timing and ask better questions when you collect bids. Interior projects such as flooring and cabinets get no weather section.

Which pages are indexed

A local page is only offered to search engines when its inputs are solid. If more than half of a page's labor weighting had to fall back from the metro to the state or the national wage, or any price index is missing, the page stays reachable and usable but is marked noindex and left out of the sitemap. We would rather publish fewer pages than thin ones. We also roll pages out in stages: the strongest pages first, the rest as we confirm that search engines index them.

What this is not

Project inputs and sources

One row per project. Ranges are national, before local scaling. Source names link to the page we read.

ProjectUnitInstalled / unitMaterials / unitPermitTrades (weight)Sources
Concrete slabsq ft$6 – $12$3 – $7$50 – $400Cement masons and concrete finishers 50%; Construction laborers 30%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 10%; Carpenters 10%HomeGuideEstimators.usHomeGuide
Concrete drivewaysq ft$6 – $15$2.3 – $4$50 – $200Cement masons and concrete finishers 50%; Construction laborers 30%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 10%; Carpenters 10%HomeGuideSimplyWiseHomeGuide
Asphalt drivewaysq ft$5 – $12$3.3 – $6.6$50 – $200Paving, surfacing and tamping equipment operators 40%; Construction laborers 30%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 30%HomeGuidePaveGaugeHomeGuide
Gravel drivewaysq ft$2.5 – $10$1.2 – $5$0 – $200Construction laborers 50%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 50%HomeGuideCalculateGravelHomeGuide
Paver patiosq ft$10 – $17$4 – $6$0 – $350Construction laborers 50%; Brickmasons and blockmasons 30%; Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 20%HomeGuideHomeGuideHomeGuide
Concrete patiosq ft$4 – $12$2.5 – $4.5$50 – $400Cement masons and concrete finishers 50%; Construction laborers 30%; Carpenters 10%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 10%HomeGuideSimplyWise
Stamped concretesq ft$8 – $19$4.5 – $9$50 – $350Cement masons and concrete finishers 60%; Construction laborers 30%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 10%HomeGuideSimplyWise
Wood decksq ft$25 – $50$14 – $28$50 – $150Carpenters 80%; Construction laborers 20%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Composite decksq ft$40 – $80$16 – $32$50 – $150Carpenters 80%; Construction laborers 20%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Detached garagesq ft$50 – $100$25 – $50$150 – $500Carpenters 45%; Cement masons and concrete finishers 15%; Construction laborers 20%; Electricians 10%; Roofers 10%HomeGuideTrusscoreAngiHomeGuide
Garage doordoor$700 – $3,500$400 – $2,500$0 – $200Carpenters 60%; Electricians 20%; General maintenance and repair workers 20%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Wood fencelinear ft$20 – $50$10 – $30$40 – $150Carpenters 60%; Construction laborers 40%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Vinyl fencelinear ft$30 – $60$25 – $45$40 – $150Carpenters 50%; Construction laborers 50%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Chain-link fencelinear ft$10 – $40$6 – $13$40 – $150Construction laborers 60%; Carpenters 40%HomeGuideVisual Fence Pro
Aluminum fencelinear ft$25 – $75$15 – $50$40 – $150Carpenters 40%; Construction laborers 40%; Sheet metal workers 20%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Roof replacementsq ft of roof$3 – $6$0.8 – $2.5$100 – $500Roofers 85%; Construction laborers 15%HomeGuide
Metal roofsq ft of roof$5 – $16$1 – $8$150 – $500Roofers 70%; Sheet metal workers 20%; Construction laborers 10%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Gutterslinear ft$8 – $25$4 – $16$0 – $200Sheet metal workers 40%; Roofers 30%; Construction laborers 30%HomeGuideHome Genius Exteriors
Kitchen cabinetslinear ft$150 – $500$100 – $200$500 – $1,500Carpenters 80%; Electricians 10%; Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 10%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Storm doordoor$350 – $950$175 – $600$0 – $0Carpenters 80%; General maintenance and repair workers 20%HomeGuide
Front doordoor$500 – $2,500$200 – $2,000$0 – $0Carpenters 85%; General maintenance and repair workers 15%HomeGuide
Window replacementwindow$450 – $1,500$292 – $1,125$0 – $0Glaziers 50%; Carpenters 40%; General maintenance and repair workers 10%HomeGuideHomeGuide
Patio doordoor$600 – $6,000$400 – $3,000$0 – $0Carpenters 60%; Glaziers 30%; General maintenance and repair workers 10%HomeGuide
Shower panpan$900 – $2,300$150 – $950$30 – $500Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 50%; Tile and stone setters 50%HomeGuide
Kitchen remodelsq ft$150 – $250$105 – $212$500 – $1,500Carpenters 45%; Electricians 15%; Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 15%; Tile and stone setters 10%; Drywall and ceiling tile installers 10%; Painters, construction and maintenance 5%HomeGuideCost to Renovate
Bathroom remodelsq ft$100 – $500$45 – $225$200 – $800Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 25%; Tile and stone setters 25%; Carpenters 20%; Electricians 10%; Drywall and ceiling tile installers 10%; Painters, construction and maintenance 10%HomeGuideCost to RenovateHomeGuide
Vinyl sidingsq ft of wall$4 – $12$2 – $6$0 – $0Carpenters 60%; Construction laborers 30%; Sheet metal workers 10%HomeGuide
Attic insulationsq ft$1 – $4$0.5 – $2.7$0 – $0Insulation workers, floor, ceiling and wall 80%; Construction laborers 20%HomeGuide
French drainlinear ft$10 – $35$4.8 – $16.8$0 – $0Construction laborers 50%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 30%; Pipelayers 20%HomeGuideCost to Renovate
Retaining wallsq ft of wall face$35 – $65$14 – $39$50 – $450Brickmasons and blockmasons 50%; Construction laborers 30%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 20%HomeGuide
Sod installationsq ft$1 – $2$0.5 – $1$0 – $300Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 80%; Construction laborers 20%HomeGuide
Sprinkler systemsq ft of lawn$1 – $2.5$0.48 – $1.2$0 – $0Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 40%; Construction laborers 40%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 20%HomeGuideCost to Renovate
Inground poolsq ft$80 – $250$38 – $120$100 – $300Construction laborers 40%; Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 30%; Brickmasons and blockmasons 20%; Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 10%HomeGuideCost to Renovate
Home additionsq ft$125 – $250$40 – $80$500 – $2,000Carpenters 50%; Cement masons and concrete finishers 10%; Electricians 10%; Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters 10%; Drywall and ceiling tile installers 10%; Roofers 10%HomeGuideCost to RenovateHomeGuide
Hardwood flooringsq ft$11 – $25$6 – $15$0 – $0Carpenters 70%; Floor layers (except carpet, wood and hard tiles) 30%HomeGuide
Laminate flooringsq ft$4 – $14$1 – $6$0 – $0Floor layers (except carpet, wood and hard tiles) 60%; Carpenters 40%HomeGuide
Tile flooringsq ft$12 – $50$2 – $35$0 – $0Tile and stone setters 85%; Construction laborers 15%HomeGuide
Kitchen backsplashsq ft$10 – $50$5 – $30$0 – $0Tile and stone setters 90%; Carpenters 10%HomeGuide

Notes on derived figures

Where a source gave an installed price but no materials price (or the reverse), we derived the missing side and say how. These notes also appear at the bottom of each project page.

All sources

SourceUsed forAccessed
BLS OEWS May 2025Median hourly wages by trade for metros, states and the USNovember 4, 2026
BEA Regional Price Parities 2024Goods and all-items price levels for metros and statesNovember 4, 2026
Census Bureau reference filesMetro coordinates, metro definitions, ZIP-to-metro lookupNovember 4, 2026
NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020Monthly temperature, precipitation and frost-day normals for the nearest station to each metroNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: 2026 Building Permit Costs | Fees & Cost CalculatorPermit ranges: deck $50-$150; fence $40-$150; garage $150-$500; roofing $150-$500; driveway $50-$200; water heater $50-$200; window $50-$200 each; electrical $50-$350; plumbing $30-$500; HVAC new furnace/AC $250-$1,500; bathroom $200-$800; kitchen $500-$1,500; basement $200-$1,000; house $1,000-$3,000; pool $100-$300November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Concrete Slab Cost? (2026)$6-$12/sq ft installed; materials $3-$7/sq ft; labor $3-$5/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
Estimators.us: Concrete Slab Cost in 2026 | $6-$12/Sq Ft Guide$6-$12/sq ft installed, national average $8; labor 45-55% of installed price; ready-mix $125-$175/cu yd deliveredNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Concrete Driveway Cost? (2026)$6-$15/sq ft installed; labor $3-$7/sq ft; permits $50-$200; rebar +$1-$3/sq ft; old driveway removal +$2-$6/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Paving an Asphalt Driveway Cost? (2026)$5-$12+/sq ft installed; resurfacing $3-$7/sq ft; sealing $1-$2/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
PaveGauge: Asphalt Driveway Cost (2026): Price by SizeNew driveway $7-$13/sq ft; hot mix $100-$200/ton ($2.30-$3.60/sq ft at 3 in); aggregate base $1-$3/sq ft; paving labor and equipment $2-$5/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Gravel Driveway Cost? (2026)$4-$10/sq ft installed; professional labor about 50% of cost; grading $1-$3/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
CalculateGravel: Gravel Driveway Cost in 2026Professionally installed $2.50-$5.50/sq ft; DIY materials $1.20-$2.40/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: 2026 Paver Patio Cost | Paver Installation Costs$10-$17/sq ft installed; materials $4-$6/sq ft; labor $6-$11/sq ft; excavation $1-$5/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Concrete Patio Cost? (2026)Plain $4-$12/sq ft installed; permits $50-$400; labor $2-$18/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Stamped Concrete Cost? (2026)$8-$19/sq ft installed; permit $50-$350November 4, 2026
SimplyWise: Concrete Estimate Template: Free PDF + Excel (2026)Sample job table (materials / labor / total): 600 sq ft driveway materials $1,400-$2,400; 200 sq ft broom-finish patio materials $500-$900; 200 sq ft stamped patio materials $900-$1,800November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does It Cost to Build a Deck? (2026)$25-$50/sq ft installed; pressure-treated pine materials $14-$28/sq ft; labor $11-$22/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Composite Decking Cost? (2026)$40-$80/sq ft installed incl. substructure; materials $16-$32/sq ft; labor $24-$48/sq ft; permit $50-$150November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Detached Garage Cost? (2026)$50-$100/sq ft; 2-car $20,000-$57,600; permit $150-$500November 4, 2026
Trusscore: How Much Does It Cost to Build a Garage? 2026 Price GuideDetached garages $45-$75/sq ft; slab $6-$12/sq ft; framing $4-$9/sq ft; electrical to garage $1,000-$3,800November 4, 2026
Angi: How Much Does It Cost to Build a Detached Garage? [2026 Data]$40-$70/sq ft; labor is roughly an additional 60% of materials cost; permits $150-$2,000November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Garage Door Replacement Cost? (2026)Single $700-$2,700 installed; double $1,000-$3,500; door $400-$2,500; labor $200-$500November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Wood Fence Cost? (2026)$20-$50/linear ft installed; materials $10-$30/ft; labor $5-$20/ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Vinyl Fence Cost? (2026)$30-$60/linear ft installed; materials $25-$45/ft; labor $5-$15/ft; permit $40-$150November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Chain-Link Fence Cost? (2026)$10-$40/linear ft installed; labor about 50% of total; permit $40-$150+November 4, 2026
Visual Fence Pro: Chain Link Fence Cost & Pricing Guide for Contractors (2026)Residential galvanized chain link, 4-6 ft: material $6-$13/ft, labor $6-$12/ft, total $12-$25/ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does an Aluminum Fence Cost? (2026)$25-$75/linear ft installed; labor $10-$25/ft; permit $40-$150November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Roof Replacement Cost? (2026)Asphalt $3-$6/sq ft of roof installed; labor $1.50-$3.00/sq ft; shingle materials $80-$250 per 100 sq ft; permit $100-$500; tear-off $1-$5/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Metal Roof Cost? (2026)$5-$16/sq ft installed; standing seam $9-$16/sq ft; labor $4-$8/sq ft; materials $100-$2,000 per 100 sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Gutter Installation Cost? (2026)$12-$25/linear ft incl. labor and materials; aluminum $10-$20; vinyl $8-$12; two-story +$1-$3/ftNovember 4, 2026
Home Genius Exteriors: How Much Does Gutter Installation Cost?$6-$16/ft installed; aluminum materials $2-$5/ft, labor adds $4-$9/ft; seamless adds $3-$5/ftNovember 4, 2026
Cost to Renovate: Renovation Labor Report 2026: Where the Money GoesMid-range budget split by category: Bathroom 50% labor / 45% materials; Kitchen 45% / 50%; Entry door replacement 67% materials; permits and design 4-5%November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Do Kitchen Cabinets Cost? (2026 Prices)$150-$500/linear ft installed; labor $50-$300/linear ft; stock $100-$400/ft; permits $500-$1,500November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Cabinet Installation Cost? (New 2026 Prices)$150-$500/linear ft or $4,500-$15,000 for an average kitchen; custom $500-$1,200/ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Storm Door Installation Cost? (2026)$350-$950 installed; unit $175-$600; labor $175-$350November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Front Door Replacement Cost? (2026)Single door $500-$2,500+ installed; steel door about $200-$600, fiberglass or wood up to $2,000; double doors $1,500-$6,500+November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Window Replacement Cost? (2026)$450-$1,500 per single-hung window installed; the unit is 65-75% of cost, labor 25-35%November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does It Cost to Install or Replace Patio Doors? (2026)$600-$6,000 installed; labor $200-$1,000; old door removal $100-$500; sliding $1,200-$4,000November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: 2026 Cost To Install or Replace a Shower Pan$900-$2,300 average; pre-made $500-$1,550 installed, pan alone $150-$950; plumbing permit $30-$500November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Kitchen Remodel Cost? (2026)$150-$250/sq ft; professional labor 15-30% of budget; permits $500-$1,500November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Bathroom Remodel Cost? (2026)$100-$500/sq ft; $3,500-$25,000+ for an average-sized bathroomNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Vinyl Siding Cost? (2026)$4-$12/sq ft installed; labor $2-$6/sq ft (about 50% of total); old siding removal $0.70-$2.00/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Attic Insulation Cost? (2026)$1-$4/sq ft installed; labor $0.50-$1.30/sq ft; blown-in $0.90-$2.40/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a French Drain Cost? (2026)Exterior $10-$35/linear ft; interior $40-$85/ft; sump pump $500-$1,800November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Retaining Wall Cost? (2026)$35-$65/sq ft of wall face; labor 40-60% of total; permit $50-$450; walls over 4 ft need engineeringNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Sod Installation Cost? (2026)$1-$2/sq ft installed; sod $0.50-$1.00/sq ft, labor $0.50-$1.00/sq ft; permit $40-$300November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does An Inground Pool Cost? (2026)$80-$250/sq ft; fiberglass $45,000-$100,000; gunite $50,000-$120,000; vinyl $25,000-$65,000; permit $100-$300November 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Home Addition Cost? (2026)$125-$250/sq ft; 20x20 room addition $50,000-$100,000; bump-out $85-$200/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does a Sprinkler System Cost? (2026)In-ground $1.00-$2.50/sq ft installed; $600-$2,000 per zone; difficult sites up to $4/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Hardwood Flooring Cost? (2026)Solid hardwood $11-$25/sq ft installed; materials $6-$15/sq ft; installation labor $3-$10/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does Laminate Flooring Installation Cost? (2026)$4-$14/sq ft installed; labor $3-$8/sq ft; baseboards $6-$9/linear ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: How Much Does It Cost to Install a Tile Floor? (2026)$12-$50/sq ft installed; tile alone $2-$35/sq ft; labor $5-$20+/sq ftNovember 4, 2026
HomeGuide: 2026 Backsplash Installation Cost$10-$50/sq ft; labor $5-$20/sq ft; removing an old backsplash $2-$5/sq ftNovember 4, 2026

Updates

Wage and price data are refreshed when BLS and BEA publish new releases (OEWS each spring, RPP each late year). Project price ranges are re-read at least once a year. Spotted a wrong number? Tell us and include the page URL.